EURE-Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Urbanos Regionales

RESUMEN Este trabajo discute la relación entre coproducción de servicios a nivel local y desigualdad. Al respecto, se pregunta: ¿Qué formas asume regularmente la provisión local de servicios allí donde la sociedad civil es pobre y el Estado débil? ¿Qué resultados produce a nivel regional? Para responder dichas preguntas se desarrollaron 97 entrevistas semiestructuradas a funcionarios locales y se analizaron datos provenientes de fuentes secundarias sobre recolección y disposición intermedia de residuos en barrios populares de los 41 distritos que componen la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Los datos obtenidos indican que una gran variedad de actores coproducen servicios de menor calidad y extensión que los que produce el Estado por sí solo o a través de empresas privadas; y que dichos servicios alcanzan distintos resultados a escala local, favoreciendo desigualdades en el acceso a servicios a nivel agregado o regional.ABSTRACT This paper discusses the relationship between co-production of services at the local level and inequality. In this regard, we question: What forms does the local provision of services regularly assume where civil society is poor and the State is weak? What results does it produce at the regional level? To answer these questions, we performed 97 semi-structured interviews with local officials and analyzed data on the collection and intermediate disposal of waste in slums of the 41 districts of the Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires, from secondary sources. The data shows that a great variety of actors co-produce services of lower quality and extension compared to those produced by the State alone or through private companies. Additionally, these services achieve different results at the local level, favoring unequal access to services at the aggregate or regional level.

RESUMO Na segunda década do século XXI, o setor sucroenergético no Brasil conhece um período de crise que leva a uma onda de pedidos de recuperação judicial, falências e o fechamento (temporário ou definitivo) de diversas Unidades Agroindustriais Sucroenergéticas (UASs). Essas decisões afetam a economia dos municípios envolvidos na produção e processamento da cana-de-açúcar, provocando crises locais. Face a esse cenário, o objetivo do presente artigo é avaliar os diferentes graus de vulnerabilidade territorial dos municípios canavieiros com UASs instaladas. A metodologia está baseada na proposta de um índice de vulnerabilidade territorial (IVT) elaborado pela combinação de indicadores relacionados ao grau de especialização, a densidade econômica e populacional e as distintas características produtivas das UASs. Os resultados apresentam um mapeamento das diferentes situações de vulnerabilidade, sendo maior em municípios com menor patamar demográfico e cujas economias são altamente especializadas e dependentes da produção e processamento da cana-de-açúcar.ABSTRACT In the second decade of the XXI century, the Brazilian sugar-energy sector faced a moment of crisis. Many sugarcane processing plants started a judicial recovery plan or declared bankruptcy and closed their units. These decisions impact the economy of municipalities that are associated with sugarcane production and processing, resulting in local crisis. Considering this scenario, this paper aims to evaluate the different degrees of the territorial vulnerability of municipalities with sugar-energy units. The methodology is based on a proposal of a territorial vulnerability index (IVT) created from the combination of indicators related to the specialization degree, the economic and populational density, and the distinct productive characters of the sugar-energy companies. A map of these results is presented showing the different forms of vulnerability. The most significant cases are municipalities with low demography level, which economies deeply depends on sugarcane production and processing.

RESUMEN A través de un método descriptivo general (análisis documental, estadísticas de población y vivienda, y la observación), en el artículo se examina el proceso de urbanización y su relación con la naturaleza en ciudades costeras chilenas, tomando como ejemplos las comunas litorales de Coquimbo y Valparaíso. Mediante un marco conceptual asociado al paradigma marxista-urbano de la producción del espacio, se caracteriza y analiza ambas comunas, dando cuenta de las formas que ha adquirido la relación entre el entorno construido y la naturaleza, centrándonos principalmente en el papel de la vivienda y, en específico, de la vivienda subsidiada. Se concluye demostrando el proceso contradictorio de urbanización en el que se encuentran ambas comunas.ABSTRACT Through a general descriptive method (documentary analysis, population and housing statistics, and observation), this article analyzes the urbanization process and its relationship with nature in Chilean coastal cities, using as case studies the coastal communes of Coquimbo and Valparaíso. Through a conceptual framework associated with the Marxist-urban paradigm of the production of space, both communes are characterized and analyzed, accounting for the forms that the relationship has acquired between the built environment and nature, focusing mainly on the role of housing and, specifically, of subsidized housing. It concludes by demonstrating the contradictory urbanization process in which both communes are found.

RESUMEN A pesar de su amplia extensión espacial y temporal, la distribución de agua mediante camiones aljibe (cisterna) no ha sido estudiada desde la Geografía. En este artículo hacemos una primera aproximación a este sistema transitorio y poco convencional de distribución hídrica, analizando el volumen, costo, trayectoria y los dueños de estos flujos de agua que se transportan a lo largo de la provincia de Petorca, a partir de 1.753 órdenes de compra de agua (2012-2018). Al mismo tiempo, contribuimos conceptualmente a la comprensión de los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua potable que no caben en la categoría de infraestructura u obra hidráulica, proponiendo el concepto de “red hidrosocial”, que permite incluir las múltiples dimensiones y escalas de los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua de emergencia. Nuestros resultados demuestran la creación de un mercado que se basa en los excedentes de agua que pueden tener ciertos actores, incluso en zonas de extrema sequía.ABSTRACT Despite of its wide spatial and temporal extension, the distribution of water by means of water trucks has not been studied from a geographical standpoint. In this article we make a first approximation to this ephemeral and unconventional water distribution system, analyzing the volume, cost, trajectory, and owners of these water flows that are transported throughout the Province of Petorca, based on 1,753 water purchase orders (2012-2018). At the same time, we contribute to the understanding of potable water supply systems that do not fit into the category of infrastructure or hydraulic works. We propose the concept of “hydro-social network”, which allows for the inclusion of the multiple dimensions and scales of emergency water supply systems. Our results demonstrate the creation of a market based on the surpluses that certain actors may have, even in areas of extreme drought.

RESUMEN La costa de Región Este, Uruguay, tiene un desarrollo histórico vinculado al turismo residencial. En las últimas décadas aprobó nuevos instrumentos de ordenamiento territorial. Simultáneamente, el avance inmobiliario, en particular el destinado al turismo neoexclusivo (TNE), se extiende y acapara espacios naturales. Este trabajo analiza resultados locales del TNE, comparando la apropiación de servicios ecosistémicos y las dinámicas socioterritoriales, con el modelo de costa promovido desde el ordenamiento territorial y la legislación vinculada. Se contrasta información georreferenciada con análisis cuantitativos y cualitativos de normativas, solicitudes de permisos ambientales, solicitudes de excepciones al ordenamiento territorial e información empleada para la oferta de los emprendimientos en el mercado. Se observa una clara relación entre sitios ecosistémicos clave y los nuevos emprendimientos, grandes discordancias en las informaciones emitidas por los promotores, así como un claro sesgo de la normativa tendiente al uso exclusivo del espacio en aras de su conservación.ABSTRACT The coast of East Region, Uruguay, has a historical development linked to residential tourism. In recent decades, new territorial planning instruments have been approved, while real estate development, particularly that destined to neo-exclusive tourism (NET), is expanding and taking over natural areas. This paper studies local results of NET, comparing the appropriation of ecosystem services and the socio-territorial dynamics, with the coastal model promoted from the territorial ordering and its related legislation. Georeferenced information is contrasted with quantitative and qualitative analyses of regulations, applications for environmental permits, requests for exceptions to territorial planning, and information used by real estate sale sites. There is a clear relationship between key ecosystems and the new developments, great discrepancies in the information issued by the promoters, as well as a clear bias of the regulations tending to the exclusive use of the space for the sake of its conservation.