Motricidade

Abstract This study measured the peak force (PF) in cadet inline speed skaters (ISS) and verified the physical measures that determine athletes’ performance on the Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull Test (IMTP) through a multivariate regression and discriminant canonical analysis. A total of 36 high-performance male (n = 18; age= 17.4± 1.21 years; body mass= 65.1± 6.18 kg; height= 168.6± 5.1 cm) and female (n = 18; age= 17.4± 1.23 years; body mass= 55.5± 4.4 kg; height= 158.6± 5.2 cm) athletes were measured two times (with a 3-day interval). All participants performed the IMTP and sit-and-reach (SR) tests, and an evaluator performed anthropometric circumference measurements on their thighs and calves. The main results indicated that males showed a higher PF on the test (m = 59.0± 3.9 N/kg vs. f = 50.4± 5.8 N/kg; p ≤ 0.001) and retest (m = 59.1± 4.2 N/kg vs. f = 51.9± 6.6 N/kg; p ≤ 0.001). In the first, thigh circumference (χ2 = 29.01, p ≤ 0.001, R2 = 0.74) had an overall 91.7% prediction. The second model included using the SR and thigh circumference (χ2 = 49.91, p ≤ 0.001, R2 = 1.0) showed an overall prediction of 100.0%. The thigh circumference matrix showed better predictive power for (coefficient= 7.158) male and female IMTP performance. In conclusion, despite the gender differences, the thigh circumference is a good predictor for PF in cadet ISS athletes.

ABSTRACT This research analysed the acute effects of flexibility training with two different intensities on inflammation. Twenty-eight young military personnel males were randomised into two groups of 14 individuals each: Submaximal Stretching Group (SG) and Maximal Stretching Group (MG). The training routines were applied for each group and involved shoulder horizontal flexion, shoulder horizontal extension, hip flexion and hip extension. Basal blood samples were collected immediately after exercise and 24 h later in order to assess the inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, IL-10). Repeated measures ANOVA (2x3) for intragroup and intergroup comparisons with the adjusted Bonferroni post-hoc test was used. There was significant intergroup interaction (p< 0.05) with post-exercise CRP levels, which were significantly higher in the MG when compared to the SG (p= 0.035; Δ= 94%). There were no significant differences in IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations at any intergroup moment. The intragroup comparison showed a significant rise in IL-6 immediately after and 24 h after maximal stretching, with a significant difference (p< 0.05) 24 h after when compared to baseline (p= 0.008; Δ= 44.16%). These results suggest that maximal stretching promoted a higher acute inflammatory response when compared to submaximal stretching due to the greater intensity of the exercises.

ABSTRACT Resistance training (RT) is a widely practised type of training, and the number of adherents of this type of physical exercise is increasing each year. Among the most sought objectives of those who initiate RT is muscle hypertrophy, although success in this process depends on a well-designed protocol and good manipulation of training variables. The present study aims to analyse, through a systematic review, the impact of the RT variables (such as intensity, volume, recovery interval, execution speed, and concentric muscle failure) relevant to muscle hypertrophy and if there is an ideal range for each training variable. The research was carried out in the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Scielo databases from 2000 to 2020, using the terms “resistance training” and “hypertrophy” and “intensity” or “volume” or “recovery interval” or “execution speed” or “muscular failure”. Twenty-three articles were included in the review. The PEDro scale was used to analyse the quality of the selected articles. It was concluded that the variables intensity and volume must be carefully analysed in a training program. Despite not having a direct impact on hypertrophy, the other variables affect the intensity and volume and must be manipulated according to what is intended with the others.

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve por objetivo revisar sistematicamente a literatura, para avaliar o efeito do alongamento sobre a força muscular de pessoas saudáveis. Foram consultadas as fontes de dados: PubMed, Scopus e Scielo, utilizando-se os critérios de elegibilidade: intervenção com alongamento e medida de desempenho da força muscular, em pessoas saudáveis. Foram incluídos 18 estudos, que atenderam os critérios. Os tipos de alongamento utilizados foram o estático contínuo 20%, estático intermitente 60% e o dinâmico 20%. Os tipos de força avaliados foram: força máxima isométrica (12,5%), força máxima dinâmica (66,66%) e potência muscular (20,83%). 5,5% dos estudos demonstraram aumento da força muscular após o alongamento; 38,8% apresentaram redução, após o alongamento estático; 38,8% não observaram alteração; e 16,6% apresentaram aumento ou redução da força muscular dependendo do tipo de alongamento utilizado. Com base nos trabalhos analisados à realização de alongamento estático de forma prévia ao treinamento de diversas manifestações de força tenderam a reduzir ou não alterar o desempenho muscular. Não foi encontrada uma sinalização clara que o alongamento realizado antes do treino de força promova uma melhora de rendimento muscular.ABSTRACT This work aimed to systematically review the literature to assess the effect of stretching on muscle strength in healthy people. The PubMed, Scopus and Scielo data sources were consulted, using the eligibility criteria: intervention with stretching and measurement of muscle strength performance in healthy people. Eighteen studies that met the criteria were included. The types of stretching used were continuous static 20%, intermittent static 60% and dynamic 20%. The types of strength evaluated were: maximum isometric strength (12.5%), maximum dynamic strength (66.66%) and muscle power (20.83%). 5.5% of the studies demonstrated increased muscle strength after stretching; 38.8% showed reduction after static stretching; 38.8% did not observe changes; and 16.6% had increased or reduced muscle strength depending on the type of stretching used. Based on the studies analyzed, performing static stretching prior to training, various manifestations of strength tended to reduce or not change muscle performance. It was not found a clear sign that the stretching performed before the strength training promotes an improvement in muscle performance.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi revisar sistematicamente o efeito do treinamento de força com restrição de fluxo sanguíneo no ganho de força muscular e capacidade funcional de populações clínicas. Esta pesquisa foi realizada nas bases de dados SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE e MEDLINE/PubMed, desde os primeiros registros até novembro de 2021 e idioma em inglês. Os termos (“Blood flow restriction” OR “vascular occlusion” OR “Kaatsu training”AND “low intensity”) AND (“Strength Training” OR “resistance training” OR “Strength”) AND (“clinical populations” OR “elderly“OR “old” OR “hypertension” OR “diabetes” OR “myositis” OR “obesity”AND “chronic diseases”) AND (“functional capacity” OR “functionality” OR “muscle function”) foram usados. Ensaios clínicos (randomizados e não-randomizados) foram incluídos quando comparados com treinamento de força de alta intensidade, baixa intensidade, baixa intensidade com restrição de fluxo sanguíneo e grupo controle sem exercício físico. A qualidade das evidências foi avaliada pela escala Testex. Durante a pesquisa foram pré-selecionados e analisados 122 artigos e ao final da seleção, nove artigos preencheram todos os critérios de inclusão e especificações estabelecidas. Conclui-se que o treinamento de força associado à restrição de fluxo sanguíneo tem sido uma alternativa eficaz e tolerável na melhora da força muscular e capacidade funcional e, portanto, uma ferramenta potencial para população clínica.ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to systematically review the effect of resistance training with blood flow restriction on muscle strength and functional capacity of clinical populations. This research used SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE and MEDLINE/PubMed databases from the first records until November 2021 and in English. The terms (“blood flow restriction” or “vascular occlusion” or “kaatsu training” and “low intensity”) and (“strength training” or “resistance training” or “strength”) and (“clinical populations” or “elderly” or “old” or “hypertension” or “diabetes” or “myositis” or “obesity” and “chronic diseases”) and (“functional capacity” or “functionality” or “muscle function”) were used. Clinical trials (randomised and non-randomised) were included when compared to high-intensity resistance training, low-intensity resistance training, low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction and a control group without physical exercise. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the Testex scale. During the research, 122 articles were pre-selected and analysed, and at the end of the selection, nine articles met all the inclusion criteria and established specifications. We conclude that resistance training associated with blood flow restriction has been an effective and tolerable alternative in improving muscle strength and functional capacity and, therefore, a potential tool for the clinical population.