Motricidade

RESUMO O fitness em Portugal resulta de um conjunto de intersecções históricas marcadas por várias influências e personalidades. Em grande parte, o conhecimento desse percurso é essencial à compreensão da realidade atual e de alguns dos problemas que a área enfrenta. O presente estudo pretende, de forma breve, situar e sintetizar os principais acontecimentos e influências nacionais e internacionais, assim como alguns marcos temporais, que levaram ao desenvolvimento da área de intervenção comummente denominada de fitness. Para esse propósito, o trabalho encontra-se estruturado em três partes: i) os primórdios do fitness, onde se irá apresentar algumas das influências internacionais que estiveram na origem desta área; ii) as principais influências e fatores que permitiram o crescimento do fitness em Portugal; e iii) o efeito do percurso histórico do fitness no contextual atual e considerações futuras sobre a área. Dada a escassez de registos sobre o tema, o presente trabalho, na qualidade de artigo de opinião, será também um autorrelato dos autores, que, tendo vivenciado diferentes momentos desta história, pretendem deixar um contributo para esse registo e futuras reflexões sobre o seu impacto no desenvolvimento da área, profissionais e respetivas práticas.Abstract Fitness in Portugal results from a set of historical intersections marked by various influences and personalities. To a large extent, knowledge of this path is essential to understanding the current reality and some of the problems the area faces. The present opinion intends to situate and summarise the leading influences of national and international events and some time frames that led to the development of the intervention area commonly called fitness. For this purpose, the work is structured in three parts: i) the beginnings of fitness, where some of the international influences that were at the origin of this area will be presented; ii) some of the main influences and factors that allowed the growth of fitness in Portugal; and iii) the effect of the historical trajectory of fitness in the current context and future considerations about the area. Given the scarcity of records on the subject, the present work, as an opinion article, will also be a self-report of the authors, who, having experienced different moments of this history, intend to leave a contribution to this record and for future reflections of its impact on the development of the area, professionals, and respective practices.

RESUMO O bem-estar subjetivo (BES) tem sido bastante estudado em populações gerais, entretanto, poucos estudos avaliam aspectos relacionados a estrutura interna do instrumento. Desse, modo, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo reunir novas evidências psicométricas para operacionalização do BES no contexto da prática de exercício físico e testar a sua invariância em diferentes grupos. A amostra foi composta por 359 participantes, com idades entre 18 e 70 anos (M= 36,6 DP= 11,9; 67,7% sexo feminino). Os resultados obtidos por meio da análise fatorial confirmatória indicaram adequação do modelo de três fatores, com bons índices de precisão. A análise de invariância sugeriu que o BES é mensurado de forma semelhante entre aqueles que praticam exercício físico de diferentes formas (no ambiente virtual e presencial), bem como em indivíduos de diferentes sexos (feminino e masculino). Os resultados contribuem para o acúmulo de evidências de validade para a medida do BES no contexto do exercício físico.Abstract Subjective well-being (SWB) has been widely studied in general populations; however, few studies have evaluated aspects related to the internal structure of the instrument. Thus, the present research aimed to gather new psychometric evidence for operationalising the SWB in the context of physical exercise and test its invariance in different groups. The sample comprised 359 participants aged between 18 and 70 (M= 36.6 SD= 11.9; 67.7% female). The results obtained through confirmatory factor analysis indicated the adequacy of the three-factor model, with good accuracy rates. Furthermore, the invariance analysis suggested that the SWB is measured similarly among those who practice physical exercise in different ways (virtual and face-to-face) and individuals of different genders (female and male). The results contribute to the accumulation of validity evidence for the BES measure in the context of physical exercise.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da música sobre as respostas psicofisiológicas em um protocolo de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) com música preferida (MP), não preferida (MNP) e sem uso da música (SM). Participaram voluntariamente 31 adultos fisicamente ativos, de ambos os gêneros. Todos passaram por todas as situações/exposições. Antes de iniciar as sessões utilizou-se uma anamnese a fim de mensurar dados sobre MP e MNP durante o exercício (Escala visual analógica para gosto musical). Sete dias antes da primeira intervenção, realizou-se um teste de esforço máximo para mensuração da velocidade máxima na esteira rolante. A Percepção Subjetiva de Esforço (PSE6 a 20) e a Escala de Afeto (AFETO+5 a -5) foram utilizadas durante o estudo, nos 10 estímulos de 60 segundos de exercício por 60 segundos de descanso passivo (60”: 60”). Os resultados atenderam aos critérios de normalidade e esfericidade. Um teste de ANOVA de uma via com medidas repetidas [F(2,26)= 9,703; p< 0,05], seguida do post-hoc de Sidak evidenciou que o HIIT com MP gerou menor PSE e maior AFETO quando comparados ao uso do HIIT com MNP e SM. Conclui-se que a MP promoveu uma redução da PSE e uma maior afetividade, o que consequentemente torna o HIIT na esteira ergométrica mais tolerável e provavelmente uma forma de treinamento mais eficiente assim aumentando a adesão e a melhora da performance do exercício físico.Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of music on psychophysiological responses in a High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) protocol with preferred (PM), non-preferred (NPM) and no music (NM). Thirty-one physically active adults of both genders participated voluntarily. All subjects were exposed to all protocols. Before starting the sessions, an anamnesis was used in order to measure data on PM and NPM during the exercise (Visual Analog Scale for Musical Taste). Seven days before the first intervention, a maximal exercise test of maximal speed at maximal measurement was performed. The Subjective Perceived Exertion (PSE6-20) and the Affect Scale (AFETO+5/ -5) were used during the study in 10 bouts of 60 seconds of exercise for 60 seconds of passive rest (60”: 60”). Results showed regular criteria of normality and sphericity. A one-way ANOVA test with repeated measures [F(2, 26)= 9,703; p< 0.05] followed by the Sidak post-hoc showed that HIIT with PM generated lower PSE6-20 and higher AFETO value compared to the use of HIIT with NPM and NM. It is concluded that MP is reduced, which consequently makes HIIT on the treadmill more tolerable and probably a more efficient way of training, increasing and improving physical exercise performance.

Abstract Resisted sled sprint (RSS) is a traditional sprint training in which a variety of loads are used for multiple aims. Nevertheless, a detailed analysis of the effects of different loads has not yet been performed. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of load differences on running velocity, step frequency, and step length during RSS in trained collegiate track and field athletes. Twenty-one collegiate track and field male athletes (20.6± 1.3 years) performed eight 60-m sprints with and without a resisted sled. The sled loads were individually set based on the participant’s body mass (BM) and were applied in 10% increments from 20 to 80% of BM. The running distance was divided into six 10-m phases. The mean running velocity, step frequency and step length at each phase, and interactions in each we analysed. All indices decreased with increasing loads. Significant differences were observed in running velocity and step frequency between all loads, except between 70 and 80% of BM, and in the step length between all loads. The maximum values for the variables appeared in different phases according to the load. These results suggested that athletes and coaches should consider that sprinting performance during RSS varies with load.

Abstract The present study aimed to compare the scored and conceded goals of the top six European football leagues (Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, England, and Germany) between 2001 and 2020. The champions have a mean combo (indicator that combines attack and defence ranking) result between 1 and 1.40. The French and Italian leagues were the only ones where variation coefficients of this combo result overpassed 50% (71 and 59%, respectively) compared to the remaining football leagues. Further subsequent analysis showed that the Portuguese and French leagues differ significantly from Italy in terms of the best attack position of the champions (Z= 3.196; p= 0.01; η2= 0.123). Regarding position in the defensive ranking, Portugal and Italy showed significantly different results compared to France (Z= 3.763; p= 0.003; η2= 1.42). Besides, the only two countries with significant differences in scored and conceded goals positioning were France (attack better than defence; t= -3; p< 0.01; d= 2.236) and Italy (defence better than attack; t= 2.881 p< 0.01; d= 1.164). Hence, in the French football league, a higher attack performance than a defence seems to indicate the champion. Oppositely, in the Italian football league, champions traditionally occupy top positioning on defence, even if they do not present the same performance on scored goals.