Nutrients, Vol. 17, Pages 3227: Time to Consider Potassium Intake in Saudi: A Cross-Sectional Assessment Using 24 h Urinary Excretion
Nutrients doi: 10.3390/nu17203227
Authors:
Salwa Ali Abdullah Albar
Merfat Abdulrahman Almaghrabi
Background: Evaluating potassium intake can be a powerful tool in epidemiologic studies to reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). In Saudi Arabia, NCDs are responsible for 35% of deaths in 2023. Monitoring people’s potassium intake can be a powerful tool to reduce the burden of NCDs. There is a significant lack of information on potassium intake. The aim is to assess potassium intake using 24 h urinary excretion; to investigate the urinary sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) excretion ratio among Saudi adults; and to explore other lifestyle factors that influence potassium intake. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among young adults (19–29 years old) residing in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Data collection included a self-reported questionnaire regarding participants’ general attitudes and practices related to potassium consumption (n = 600) of whom 173 participated in 24 h urine collection. Descriptive analyses and regression models were used to evaluate the associations between urinary potassium excretion (mmol/24 h), daily potassium intake (g/day), and the Na/K ratio (dependent variables), and descriptive variables such as age and gender (predictor variables). A p value < 0.05 indicated statistical significance for all tests. Results: The mean urinary potassium excretion was 48.6 ± 23 mmol/24 h, equivalent to a mean daily potassium intake of 1.9 ± 0.89 g/day, and only 4.1% of participants met the World Health Organization-recommended potassium intake of ≥90 mmol/day (≥3.90 g/day). The average potassium intake was significantly lower in females compared with males by 0.52 g (95% CI: −0.78 to −0.25; p < 0.001). Physical activity was also a significant factor, associated with both urinary potassium excretion (p = 0.039) and intake (p = 0.006). Besides the low potassium intake, the mean Na/K ratio was 3.2 ± 1.4, and the ratio differed significantly by physical activity habits (p = 0.050). Only 13% of participants consumed fruit 5–7 days per week (mean portion intake 1.4/day; 95% CI: 1.3–1.5), and 34.7% consumed vegetables 3–4 days per week (mean portion intake 1.5/day; 95% CI: 1.3–1.5). These findings reflect low adherence to recommended fruit and vegetable intake in the study population. Conclusions: The findings of this study can be used to create evidence-based nutritional strategies to help people achieve the recommended potassium intake. The study underscores the need for more research on potassium intake across Saudi Arabia.
Background: Evaluating potassium intake can be a powerful tool in epidemiologic studies to reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). In Saudi Arabia, NCDs are responsible for 35% of deaths in 2023. Monitoring people’s potassium intake can be a powerful tool to reduce the burden of NCDs. There is a significant lack of information on potassium intake. The aim is to assess potassium intake using 24 h urinary excretion; to investigate the urinary sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) excretion ratio among Saudi adults; and to explore other lifestyle factors that influence potassium intake. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among young adults (19–29 years old) residing in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Data collection included a self-reported questionnaire regarding participants’ general attitudes and practices related to potassium consumption (n = 600) of whom 173 participated in 24 h urine collection. Descriptive analyses and regression models were used to evaluate the associations between urinary potassium excretion (mmol/24 h), daily potassium intake (g/day), and the Na/K ratio (dependent variables), and descriptive variables such as age and gender (predictor variables). A p value < 0.05 indicated statistical significance for all tests. Results: The mean urinary potassium excretion was 48.6 ± 23 mmol/24 h, equivalent to a mean daily potassium intake of 1.9 ± 0.89 g/day, and only 4.1% of participants met the World Health Organization-recommended potassium intake of ≥90 mmol/day (≥3.90 g/day). The average potassium intake was significantly lower in females compared with males by 0.52 g (95% CI: −0.78 to −0.25; p < 0.001). Physical activity was also a significant factor, associated with both urinary potassium excretion (p = 0.039) and intake (p = 0.006). Besides the low potassium intake, the mean Na/K ratio was 3.2 ± 1.4, and the ratio differed significantly by physical activity habits (p = 0.050). Only 13% of participants consumed fruit 5–7 days per week (mean portion intake 1.4/day; 95% CI: 1.3–1.5), and 34.7% consumed vegetables 3–4 days per week (mean portion intake 1.5/day; 95% CI: 1.3–1.5). These findings reflect low adherence to recommended fruit and vegetable intake in the study population. Conclusions: The findings of this study can be used to create evidence-based nutritional strategies to help people achieve the recommended potassium intake. The study underscores the need for more research on potassium intake across Saudi Arabia. Read More