Nutrients, Vol. 18, Pages 97: First Trimester Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Mexican Cohort
Nutrients doi: 10.3390/nu18010097
Authors:
Lidia Arce-Sánchez
Isabel González-Ludlow
Ileana Lizano-Jubert
Jocelyn Andrea Almada-Balderrama
Blanca Vianey Suárez-Rico
Araceli Montoya-Estrada
Guadalupe Estrada-Gutierrez
Maribel Sánchez-Martinez
Juan Mario Solis-Paredes
Johnatan Torres-Torres
Ameyalli Mariana Rodríguez-Cano
Maricruz Tolentino-Dolores
Otilia Perichart-Perera
Mariana Villegas-Soto
Enrique Reyes-Muñoz
Background/Objectives: Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes (APOs). This study aimed to examine whether vitamin D deficiency during the first trimester of pregnancy is linked to the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a Mexican population. Methods: A total of 404 pregnant women from the Biochemical and Epigenetic Origin of Overweight and Obesity (OBESO) cohort were included. Maternal vitamin D levels were measured between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a level below 20.0 ng/mL. The primary goal was to compare APOs between Group 1 (women with vitamin D deficiency) and Group 2 (women without vitamin D deficiency). Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for APOs—including GDM, preeclampsia, preterm birth, miscarriage, cesarean section, and neonatal size—were calculated, adjusting for pregestational body mass index (BMI) and obesity, with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: Vitamin D deficiency was present in 40.5% of women. Pre-pregnancy BMI and obesity were significantly higher in women with deficiency; other baseline characteristics did not differ between groups. Women with vitamin D deficiency had a higher risk of GDM (aOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.14–3.65, p = 0.01). No association was found between vitamin D deficiency and other APOs. Conclusions: The incidence of vitamin D deficiency in the first trimester was 40.5%. Early pregnancy vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of GDM among Mexican women. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring and supplementing vitamin D during pregnancy to reduce the risk of GDM.
Background/Objectives: Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes (APOs). This study aimed to examine whether vitamin D deficiency during the first trimester of pregnancy is linked to the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a Mexican population. Methods: A total of 404 pregnant women from the Biochemical and Epigenetic Origin of Overweight and Obesity (OBESO) cohort were included. Maternal vitamin D levels were measured between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a level below 20.0 ng/mL. The primary goal was to compare APOs between Group 1 (women with vitamin D deficiency) and Group 2 (women without vitamin D deficiency). Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for APOs—including GDM, preeclampsia, preterm birth, miscarriage, cesarean section, and neonatal size—were calculated, adjusting for pregestational body mass index (BMI) and obesity, with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: Vitamin D deficiency was present in 40.5% of women. Pre-pregnancy BMI and obesity were significantly higher in women with deficiency; other baseline characteristics did not differ between groups. Women with vitamin D deficiency had a higher risk of GDM (aOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.14–3.65, p = 0.01). No association was found between vitamin D deficiency and other APOs. Conclusions: The incidence of vitamin D deficiency in the first trimester was 40.5%. Early pregnancy vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of GDM among Mexican women. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring and supplementing vitamin D during pregnancy to reduce the risk of GDM. Read More