Nutrients, Vol. 18, Pages 1397: Impact of Cheese Micronutrient Fortification on Micronutrient Consumption in Children from Morocco: A Modelling Study
Nutrients doi: 10.3390/nu18091397
Authors:
Alba M. Santaliestra-Pasías
Isabel Rueda-De Torre
Mª Isabel Benedicto-Toboso
Luis Mariano Esteban
Sergio Sabroso-Lasa
Karima Sabounji
Larbi Rjimati
Luis A. Moreno
Background/Objectives: Micronutrient malnutrition, particularly deficiencies in calcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc, and iodine, remains a significant public health issue among school-aged children in Morocco. Processed cheese, such as “The Laughing Cow” (TLC), has potential as a vehicle for fortification due to its widespread consumption and accessibility. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of fortified TLC on micronutrient intake and adequacy relative to the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), among Moroccan children aged 6–12 years, and to explore differences in effects by socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: Data from the Moroccan Household Budget Survey (2013–2014) included 9266 children (39.4% TLC consumers). Dietary intake was assessed using 24 h recalls, and nutrient composition was analyzed using Ciqual 2020 tables and specialized software. Fortification scenarios were modelled to estimate potential impacts on micronutrient intake and compliance with RDAs. Results: Under the modelling scenarios, consumption of one portion/day of fortified TLC significantly improved RDAs compliance for iron, iodine, and zinc (p < 0.05). There was also an increase in RDA compliance for calcium and vitamin D, but differences were not significant. The impact of fortification on micronutrient intake and RDA compliance increased with socioeconomic status. Consumers of more than one portion/day showed the highest compliance with RDAs (p < 0.001). Fortification effects were consistent across age subgroups. Conclusions: Fortifying processed cheese represents a feasible strategy to address micronutrient deficiencies among Moroccan schoolchildren. This study highlights the potential of targeted fortification programmes to improve public health outcomes, particularly in vulnerable populations. Further research is needed to optimize fortification approaches and ensure sustainability.
Background/Objectives: Micronutrient malnutrition, particularly deficiencies in calcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc, and iodine, remains a significant public health issue among school-aged children in Morocco. Processed cheese, such as “The Laughing Cow” (TLC), has potential as a vehicle for fortification due to its widespread consumption and accessibility. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of fortified TLC on micronutrient intake and adequacy relative to the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), among Moroccan children aged 6–12 years, and to explore differences in effects by socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: Data from the Moroccan Household Budget Survey (2013–2014) included 9266 children (39.4% TLC consumers). Dietary intake was assessed using 24 h recalls, and nutrient composition was analyzed using Ciqual 2020 tables and specialized software. Fortification scenarios were modelled to estimate potential impacts on micronutrient intake and compliance with RDAs. Results: Under the modelling scenarios, consumption of one portion/day of fortified TLC significantly improved RDAs compliance for iron, iodine, and zinc (p < 0.05). There was also an increase in RDA compliance for calcium and vitamin D, but differences were not significant. The impact of fortification on micronutrient intake and RDA compliance increased with socioeconomic status. Consumers of more than one portion/day showed the highest compliance with RDAs (p < 0.001). Fortification effects were consistent across age subgroups. Conclusions: Fortifying processed cheese represents a feasible strategy to address micronutrient deficiencies among Moroccan schoolchildren. This study highlights the potential of targeted fortification programmes to improve public health outcomes, particularly in vulnerable populations. Further research is needed to optimize fortification approaches and ensure sustainability. Read More